Delving into the Facts of Air Embolism

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Air embolism is a fatal condition when air enters the vascular system.  This air can now impede the circulation by causing potential blockage on any organ or part of the body.  The most dangerous and most fatal blockage that can form is at the brain and at the heart.  Air embolism shares the same signs and symptoms with stroke.  Several factors are to be carefully considered to rule out either condition for proper diagnosis and treatment.   Causes of Air Embolism Among clinical manifestations, carefully history taking is the key to pinpoint air embolism.  Air embolism is particularly suspected when the following conditions have been traced: Diving: divers often inhale nitrogen that is included in pressurized oxygen tanks that they bring with them when they dive.  High pressure conditions often melt nitrogen and will stay in a liquefied state as long as the person is in deep water.  During ascension, nitrogen goes back to its gaseous state, often causing embolism. Surgery:  every surgical procedure imposes the risk of introducing air to a person’s vascular system.  Surgery performed in the nervous system, bones, nasal and throat passages, and the heart pose great risk in forming air embolism. Trauma: head trauma or penetrating trauma of the lungs often causes formation of air embolism.   Invasive therapeutic or diagnostic procedures: these procedures often involve insertion of a catheter in a body part.  Therapeutic procedures such as hyperalimentation (total parenteral nutrition), intravenous therapy, and hemodialysis are often causes of air embolism.  This also includes diagnostic procedures such as spinal tap. Oral sex during pregnancy: because the veins in the vagina are dilated, air can be pushed into the venous system. Signs and Symptoms If the following signs and symptoms are present along with favorable conditions, a person must suspect the presence of air embolism: Agitation, irritability, anxiety (sense of impending doom) Difficulty of breathing Sudden substernal chest pain Cyanosis Tachycardia (rapid heart rate) or irregular heartbeat Blurred vision Headache Loss of consciousness Low blood pressure Seizure Coma Paresthesia Treatment The first step in relieving air embolism is to administer 100% oxygen in a high-flow rate.  After which, the patient is placed in a left side lying Trendelenburg position (head lower than the feet) to prevent the air from traveling to the right side of the heart.  It is also recommended that the person be placed inside a hyperbaric chamber so as to remove the embolism.
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